Common Primary Care Pain Medications in Use in Nigeria

By Wisdom Okogho. Freelance Health Writer and Datelinehealth Africa (DLHA) Volunteer. With editorial support and medical review from the DLHA Team

Common primary care pain medications

 

 

Introduction

 

Pain medications are one of the most used over-the-counter  (OTC) medication in primary care in Nigeria. While they play a crucial role in addressing both acute and chronic pain, there exists a significant knowledge gap regarding their proper usage.

 

Many individuals inadvertently misuse these medications due to a lack of awareness regarding potential side effects, adverse reactions, and contraindications associated with pain medication.

 

Pain is a common symptom that brings patients to the primary care settings in Nigeria. A variety of medications are available to treat pain, and the choice of medication depends on the type and severity of pain, as well as the patient's individual circumstances.

 

With an high therapeutic index (T.I), there is bound to be abused of it. It is important to note that people must refrain from self medication and should always consult medical practitioners like Pharmacist, and Doctors for proper dosage regimen and usage.

 

 

Types of Pain Medication, Usage, Side Effects, and Contraindications

 

This section will highlight the different classes of pain medications, providing an overview and listing specific medications within each class.

 

• Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

 

NSAIDs are a class of medications that are commonly used to treat mild to moderate pain. They work by blocking the production of prostaglandins, which are molecules that cause pain and inflammation. NSAIDs are available over-the-counter and by prescription.

 

Common NSAIDs used in primary care settings in Nigeria include:

• Ibuprofen
• Diclofenac
• Naproxen

 

NSAIDs are generally safe for most people, but they can cause side effects such as stomach upset, heartburn, and bleeding. NSAIDs should not be used by people with certain medical conditions, such as ulcers or kidney disease.

 

• Acetaminophen

 

Acetaminophen is another over-the-counter medication that is commonly used to treat pain and fever. It works by blocking the production of prostaglandins in the brain. Acetaminophen is considered to be safe for most people, but it can cause liver damage if taken in high doses or over an extended period of time.

Common Brand names include;

• Tylenol
• Paracetamol
• Panadol

 

• Opioids

 

Opiods are a class of medications that are used to treat moderate to severe pain. They work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which blocks the transmission of pain signals. Opioids are available by prescription only.

Common opioids used in Nigeria include:

• Tramadol
• Codeine
• Morphine

 

Opioids can be effective in relieving pain, but they can also cause side effects such as drowsiness, constipation, and addiction. Opioids should be used with caution and only as directed by a doctor.

 

• Other Pain Medications

 

In addition to NSAIDs, acetaminophen, and opioids, there are a number of other medications that are used to treat pain in primary care settings in Nigeria.

 

These include:

• Anticonvulsants, which are typically used to treat seizures, but can also be effective in treating certain types of nerve pain

• Antidepressants, which can be helpful for treating pain that is associated with depression or anxiety

• Muscle relaxants, which can help to relieve muscle pain and spasm

 

 

Safe and Effective Use of Pain Medications

 

It is noteworthy to emphasize that despite the generally favorable safety margin of pain medications, the potential impact on vital organs such as the kidneys and liver should not be underestimated.

 

You should be mindful of safety when taking pain medication for swift relief. The following guidelines outline the safe usage of pain medication:

 

(i) Follow Prescribed Dosages

 

• Adhere strictly to the recommended dosage provided by your healthcare provider.

• Avoid self-adjusting doses without consulting your healthcare professional.

• Stick to prescribed frequencies; i.e.,  take your pain medications at the specified times as directed by your healthcare provider.

• Do not skip doses unless advised otherwise.

• If you miss a dose, do not attempt to take a double dose at your next prescribed time.

• Communicate with your healthcare provider if you have concerns on how to take your pain medicine.

 

(ii) Keep your healthcare provider informed about your pain levels and any changes in your condition

 

• Report any unexpected side effects promptly.

• Understand that pain management is personalized; what works for one person may differ for another.

• Work closely with your healthcare provider to tailor a treatment plan that suits your needs.

 

(iii) Avoid taking alcohol and certain substances with your pain mediations

 

• Alcohol and certain other substances may intensify side effects when taken together with pain medications.

• Be mindful about potential interactions betweenpain medications and other substances.

 

(iv) Familiarize yourself with potential side effects of your medications

 

• Watch out for untoward side effects

• Report any unusual symptoms or discomfort to your healthcare provider.

 

(v) Keep pain medications in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight

 

• Adverse storage conditions may affect the potency of painmedications

• You should store your pain medications out of reach of children and pets.

 

(vi) Inform your healthcare provider about all medications, including over-the-counter and herbal supplements that you take

 

• Be mindful that potential adverse drug interactions may occur when you take pain medications with other drugs or herbal supplements

• Inform your healthcare provider of other medications that you are taking

• Cconsult your healthcare provider before starting any new medication in addition to your pain medications.

 

(vii) Attend scheduled follow-up appointments with your healthcare provider

 

• Discuss any concerns, changes in symptoms, or the need for adjustments to your pain management plan.

 

(viii) Stay informed about your pain condition and the medications prescribed

 

• Ask questions and seek clarification from your healthcare provider on any uncertainties.

• Always consult with your healthcare provider for personalized advice and guidance, based on your specific medical history and condition.

 

 

Conclusion

 

A variety of medications are available to treat pain in primary care settings in Nigeria. The choice of medication depends on the type and severity of pain, as well as the patient's individual circumstances. It is important to discuss the risks and benefits of each pain medication with your doctor or pharmacist before you start treatment.

 

 

Resources:

Adebayo, O., & Adedoyin, O. (2012). Drug use in primary health care in Nigeria. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 6(12), 1552-1557.

Ajibola, O. O., & Awosanya, O. A. (2015). Pattern of drug use in primary health care in Nigeria. Journal of Public Health Africa, 5(2), 403-408.

Ojewole, C., Adedoyin, A., & Adeyeye, O. (2015). Assessment of drug use in primary health centers in Lagos State, Nigeria. PloS one, 10(10), e0141268.

Aronson JK. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In: Aronson JK, ed. Meyler's  Side Effects of Drugs. 16th ed. Waltham, MA: Elsevier; 2016:236-272.

Dinakar P. Pain management. In: Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, Newman NJ, eds. Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 52.

House SA. Pain. In: Kellerman RD, Rakel DP, Heidelbaugh JJ, Lee EM, eds. Conn's Current Therapy 2023. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier 2023:35-42.

 

 

Published: January 17, 2024

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