Pulmonary Embolism Explained To Africans: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention 

Udochukwu Glory Maduka, MB.BS. Freelance Health Writer and DLHA Volunteer. Medically reviewed by: Medically reviewed by: A. Odutola, MB.BS, PhD, FRCSEd

 

 A professional looking African male wearing a blue casual shirt holding his left chest with both hands in apparent distress from sudden pain. Image credit: Freepik

 

Highlights

• Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a serious medical condition that occurs worldwide with estimates of 1 in every 1000 cases occurring yearly. The average occurrence rate in Africa is not known accurately.

• PE is caused commonly by thickened blood released from blood vessels in the legs, which travel up through the heart to block the supply of blood to the lungs

• People who take medications, have lifestyle and medical conditions that thicken their blood or limit leg movements, have a high chance of getting PE.

• Warning signs of PE include sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, swollen and painful legs, persistent cough, and fainting. Seeing your healthcare provider early gives you a better chance of a good treatment outcome.

• PE is both treatable and preventable. You can prevent PE by doing regular leg exercises, moving more, wearing leg stockings to help squeeze blood off-and-on in your legs, as well as using medications that thin your blood if you are at risk for the condition.  

 

Introduction

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a serious condition caused by a blood clot blocking the arteries in the lungs. Though often overlooked in Africa, it contributes to high hospital deaths, especially among patients with risk factors like immobility, pregnancy, surgery, bone fracture, cancer and cancer medications, and any cause of thickened blood, etc.

This article highlights what pulmonary embolism is, how common it is in Africa, its symptoms, treatment, and ways to prevent it.

 

What Is Pulmonary Embolism?

 

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a life-threatening condition where a blood clot (usually from the leg) travels to the lungs and blocks one or more pulmonary arteries (see fig. 1).

This blockage reduces oxygen supply, increases lung pressure, and strains the heart, which can lead to sudden death if not diagnosed and treated quickly.

Fig. 1: Cartoon illustration of the lungs showing the way by which pulmonary embolism occurs to damage an affected lung area due to a clot (embolus) blocking a vessel supplying the area with blood. Click on image to enlarge. Image Credit.

 

Types of Pulmonary Embolism 

Fig. 2: Types of Pulmonary embolism. Click on image to enlarge.

 

There are three types of Pulmonary Embolism: Acute, Subacute and Chronic. [1] See fig. 2..

Let's go deeper into the explanation of these types:

1. Acute Pulmonary Embolism 

This is when there is a sudden occurrence of symptoms. A blood clot rises from the leg or arm and travels quickly to obstruct the pulmonary arteries. The commonest symptoms are sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and fainting. 

2. Subacute Pulmonary Embolism 

This type of PE develops gradually and it is harder to diagnose. Symptoms can take up to 2 to 12 weeks to show and because of this, it leads to a poorer outcome than acute PE. The symptoms include worsening shortness of breath, chest pain and coughing out blood. 

3. Chronic Pulmonary Embolism 

This happens when some blood clots remain and get stuck in the pulmonary arteries after you are treated for an acute PE. This can cause chronic pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, i.e., vessels that supply blood to the lungs) and worsening heart failure.

 

How Common is Pulmonary Embolism?

Table 1: Some pulmonary embolism facts. Click on image to enlarge.

 

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a global health concern and a significant health challenge across Africa, with prevalence rates varying by region (see Table 1 for some basic facts). 

It is more common in women than in men, and the average age globally at diagnosis is 70 years. It may however occur at a younger age (< 60 years) in high risk individuals.

There is an estimated 1 in every 1000 persons developing PE yearly in the world. A systematic review of 13 studies from 10 African countries that included Nigeria, Togo, Angola, Kenya and others—found that among 7,650 individuals assessed, 861 were diagnosed with PE, resulting in an overall occurrence rate of about 11.3%. [2] 

In sub-Saharan Africa, rates of PE typically range from 1.4% to 7%. Furthermore, mortality rates linked to PE can vary widely, from 13.7% to an alarming 69.5%, highlighting the seriousness of this condition and the need for increased awareness and healthcare improvements. [3]

 

What Causes Pulmonary Embolism? 

Pulmonary Embolism is usually caused by a blood clot that breaks loose (from the leg or arm) and travels through the bloodstream to the lungs. 

Top 10 risk factors for Pulmonary Embolism 

Fig. 3: Showing high and moderate risk factors of pulmonary embolism. Click on image to enlarge.

 

PE can happen to anyone, but those who take medications, have lifestyle and medical conditions that thicken their blood or limit leg movements, are at risk. Here are some examples of such people: (see also Fig. 3)

• People with a family history of blood clots or PE
• Those with obesity (BMI > 25)
• Patients on long bed rest or prolonged travel
• Recent trauma or surgery (especially pelvic procedures)
• Pregnant women due to pressure on pelvic veins
• Smokers, especially tobacco users]
• People with cancer or undergoing chemotherapy 
• Older adults (age > 40)
• Users of hormonal therapy or birth control medications
• Those with inherited clotting disorders

If you fall into any of these categories, you need to talk with your doctor early for preventive and/or management advice.

 

Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism

Fig. 4: Cartoon illustration showing some of the symptoms of pulmonary embolism. Click on image to enlarge.

 

Symptoms (see fig. 4) may vary depending on the size of the clot, but warning signs include: 

• Chest pain (worse with deep breaths or movement)
• Shortness of breath
• Fast breathing
• Fainting
• Persistent cough
• Swollen or painful leg (usually one-sided)
• Sudden, unexplained sweating

These symptoms often mimic other health issues, which makes PE diagnosis challenging. If you or someone you know experiences them—seek medical help immediately.

 

How is Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosed?

Pulmonary Embolism can be difficult to diagnose because some people don't have symptoms. 

 To diagnose a pulmonary embolism (PE), you must see your doctor as soon as you have symptoms or consider yourself at risk. This process includes: 

• A detailed medical history where the doctor asks about your symptoms and risk factors for PE.
• A complete physical exam.
• Several tests, including imaging and blood tests, to check for blood clot formation.

Following these steps is essential for an accurate diagnosis and proper treatment.

 

Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism

I. Medical Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism

The goal is to dissolve the clot, prevent new ones, and protect vital organs:

• Anticoagulants (Blood thinners)

These stop clots from growing and help the body reabsorb them. Common examples include heparin (IV or injection) and warfarin. 

• Thrombolytics (Clot-dissolving drugs)

Used in emergencies when the patient is unstable. They quickly break down large clots.

II. Surgical and Interventional Options

• Embolectomy: 

A surgical procedure to physically remove the clot in life-threatening cases. 

• Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Filter: 

A tiny filter inserted into the large vein (IVC) to catch clots formed in the legs before they reach the heart and lungs. Ideal for patients who can’t take blood thinners or those who still form clots even when on blood thinners. IVC filters can be removed when no longer needed. [4] 

 

What are the Consequences of Pulmonary Embolism?

Fig. 5. Pictorial illustration of some complications of pulmonary embolism. Click on image to enlarge.

 

A pulmonary embolism can lead to serious complications (see fig. 5) depending on the size of the clot,. These include: 

• Heart attack
• Stroke
• Death of lung tissue, called pulmonary infarction
• Cyanosis, which is when your skin turns blue due to low oxygen in your blood
• Pulmonary hypertension, or high blood pressure in your lungs that puts stress on your heart
• Shock, which can prevent your vital organs from getting enough blood
• Sudden death

It is important to understand these risks, so that you will be well motivated to take preventive measures if you are at high risk for PE.

 

How to Prevent Pulmonary Embolism

Proven Tips to Reduce Your Risk

Prevention is the best approach. Here's how to prevent pulmonary embolism:

1. Get regular physical activity, even during long trips or hospital stays

2. Wear compression stockings during prolonged sitting or standing

3. Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water

4. Avoid crossing your legs for long periods

5. Maintain a healthy body weight

6. Quit smoking or avoid secondhand smoke

7. Elevate your legs for 20–30 minutes twice daily

8. Discuss with your doctor if you're at risk, preventive anticoagulants or IVC filters may be recommended.

 

What is the Life Expectancy after Pulmonary Embolism?

Table 2: Showing pulmonary embolism prognosis (predictions). .

 

According to US data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [5] (See Table 2).

• About 25% of individuals with PE may experience sudden death.
• Up to 30% of people diagnosed with PE may not survive beyond the first month.
• Around 50% of those who have had a venous thromboembolism (VTE) might face long-term complications.
• Additionally, nearly 33% of individuals with VTE (Deep vein thrombosis and PE) could see recurrences within the next 10 years.
• It's crucial to stay informed and discuss your PE risks with your healthcare providers.

 

Conclusion

PE is treatable and preventable, but for you to benefit from these, you need to be aware of the condition, its causes, risk factors, early symptoms and consequences. Such knowledge would serve you well in ensuring that you see your healthcare provider or go to the nearest hospital emergency unit as early as you notice early signs of PE in yourself or a loved one. Prevention and early treatment save life in PE cases.

 

References:

1. Iavarone S. What are the different types of Pulmonary Embolism? [Internet]. MedicalNews Today. June 29, 2022. [Cited July 20, 2025].  Available here.

2. Okeke CC, Amadi ES, Ebiliekwe OE, Ekeocha IR, Nnanna Okoro E, et al. Risk Factors and Outcomes of Acute Pulmonary Embolism in African Patients: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2024 Nov 28;16(11):e74673. doi: 10.7759/cureus.74673. Available from here.

3. Mbatchou?Ngahane?BH, Kamdem?F, Simeni?Njonnou?SR, Chebou?N, Dzudie?A, Ebongue?SA, et?al. Epidemiology, clinical and paraclinical presentations of pulmonary embolism: a cross?sectional study in a Sub?Saharan Africa setting [Internet]. Open J Respir Dis. 2019 Aug;9(3):89–99 [Cited 2025 Jul?31]. Available from here.

4. Evans NS, Ratchford EV. Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters. Vascular Medicine. 2015;20(4):382-383. doi:10.1177/1358863X15591203. Available from here.

5. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Data and Statistics on Venous Thromboembolism. [Internet]. 2025 January 2. [Cited August 1, 2025]. Available from here.

 

Related:

How I Lost My First Patient as a New Doctor

Cardiovascular Diseases and Heart Attack in Africa

Stroke in Africa: What You Need To Know

Stroke Treatment in Africa

Chest Pain in African Adults: Causes, Symptoms and When to Seek Help

 

Dr Udochukwu Glory Maduka, is a health content writer passionate about promoting simple and evidence based health knowledge, wellness and self-development towards empowering people to live better and healthier.

 

 

Published: August 4, 2025

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